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过去分词是非谓语动词的主要形式之一,它又是英语语法重点、难点和考查热点之一。现将有关问题透析如下(斜体选项为正确答案)。 一、过去分词的句法功能 过去分词在句中作定语、宾语补足语、状语、表语等,表示被动或完成(有时二者兼有)。 (一)作定语 1.单个过去分词一般放在它所修饰的名词前面。如: ___ book of this writer is East and West. A. Known to be that best B. Known as the best C. It was the best knownD. The best known 2.少数不及物动词的过去分词也可作定语(不可后置),但只表示完成,而不表示被动。如: (1)The president visited the retired teachers on Teachers’Day, 2005.2005年教师节,校长看望了退休教师们。 A number of returned students have come back home and taken part in the reform and opening. 许多留学生已回国投身到改革开放之中。 注意:作前置定语时,过去分词表示被动或完成(有时二者兼有),而v-ing 形式作前置定语则表示主动和进行意义。请比较: boiled water 开水 boiling water 沸腾的水 frozen food冷冻食品 a freezing wind 刺骨寒风 developed countries 发达国家 developing countries 发展中国家 3.过去分词短语作定语时,要放在它所修饰的名词/代词后面,起定语从句作用。如: (1)The disc, digitally ___ in the studio, sounded fantastic at the party that night. A. recordedB. recording C. to be recordedD. having recorded (2) The computer center, ____ last year, is very popular among the students in this school. A. open B. opening C. having openedD. opened (3) Most of the artists ____ to the party were from South Africa. A. invited B. to invite C. being invited D. had been invited (4) Olympic Games, ____ in 776 BC, did not include women players until 1912, A. first playing B. to be first played C. first played D. to be first playing 注意:作后置定语时,过去分词短语与V-ing形式的被动式均可表示被动,但前者强调动作的完成,后者则强调动作正在进行。如: (1) People developed a kind of paper made from the fibres of plants (=which is made from the fibres of plants). 人们研制出一种用植物纤维制成的纸。 (2) The express highway being built (=which is being built) is about 1800 kilometers long. 正在修建的那条高速公路大约1800公里长。 (二) 作宾语补足语 过去分词(多为及物动词)在某些动词后可作宾语补足语,宾语与过去分词为被动的逻辑主谓关系,表示被动或完成意义(有时二者兼有)。 1.过去分词作have/get 等使役动词的宾语补足语时, 主要表示“使……完成某事”。如: (1) John got his bad tooth pulled out at the dentist’s. 约翰让牙医把他那颗坏牙拔掉了。 (2) In that year he had ten thousand yuan saved. 那一年他积蓄了1万元. (3) You should understand the traffic rule by now. You’ve had it ____ often enough. A. explaining B. to explain C. explain D. explained 2.过去分词作make(使得,使成为)的宾语补足语时,表示使某人/物呈现某种状况。如: (1) The speaker raised his voice but still couldn’t make himself ____. A. hear B. to hear C. hearing D. heard (2) The performance made her drunk. 那场演出令她陶醉。 3.过去分词可用在hear, see, watch, notice, feel, find等感官动词后作宾语补足语。如: (1) If you go to Xi’an, you will find the places there more magnificent and commonly ____. A. supposing B. supposed C. to suppose D. suppose (2) The manager discussed the plan that they would like to see ____ the next year. A. carry out B. carrying out C. carried out D. to carry out 4.过去分词在 keep, leave等表示状态的动词后可用作宾语补足语。如: (1) She will keep you informed while you are in the United States. 你在美国期间她会不断向你通报情况。 (2) Don’t leave your work half done. 工作不可半途而废。 5.过去分词在want, wish, expect等表示“希望、愿望”的动词后作宾语补足语。如: (1) Parents don’t want their daughters taken out after dark. 父母不愿自己的女儿天黑后被带出去。 (2) We wished the problem settled at once! 我们希望问题立刻解决。 注意:作宾语补足语时,过去分词表示被动或完成(有时二者兼有),而V-ing形式则表示主动或进行意义(有时二者兼有)。 (1) I saw him sent to hospital. 我看见他被送进医院。 (2) I saw him sending a wounded man to hospital. 我看见他正送一位伤者进医院。 (三)作状语 过去分词短语作状语可表示时间、原因、条件、让步或伴随状况等意义,这时它相当于一个状语从句。这种分词短语作状语时,句子的主语是过去分词动作的承受者或非发出者。如: 1.表示时间 (1) Sent to prison (=When he was sent to prison), he found himself isolated from the outer world. 被送进监狱后,他发现自己与外界隔绝了。 (2) ____ in a white uniform,he looks more like a cook than a doctor. A. Dressed B. To dress C. Dressing D. Having dressed 2.表示原因 (1) Well known for his expert advice (=As he was well known for his expert advice), he was able to help a great number of people with their personal affairs. 他的足智多谋广为人知,因此他能帮助许多人解决私事。 (2) ____ in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him. A. Losing B. Having lost C. Lost D. To lose 3.表示条件 ____ the general state of his health, it may take him a while to recover from the operation. A. Given B. To give C. Giving D. Having given 4.表示让步 Mocked at by some people (=Though he was mocked at by some people), he had my sympathy. 虽然有些人嘲弄他,但我却同情他。
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