中考英语常见错误分类例析

    在学习初中英语过程中，同学们常会犯这样那样的错误，大多数同学认为这些错误纷繁复杂，无章可循，其实并非如此。为便于系统复习，现将同学们常犯的错误进行分类例析，希望对大家能有所警示与启迪。

（一）“蛇足”类错误例析
      “蛇足”类错误就是“画蛇添足”，在句中出现一些原本没有或本应省略的成分。
[例1]
Though traveling by air is fast and comfortable, but it costs too much money. （×）
Traveling by air is fast and comfortable, but it costs too much money.（√）
Though traveling by air is fast and comfortable, it costs too much money.（√）

[例2]
Because he was ill yesterday, so he didn't go to work. （×）
Because he was ill yesterday, he didn't go to work.（√）
He was ill yesterday, so he didn't go to work.（√）

析：用though, but 表示“虽然……，但是……”或用 because，so 表示“因为……，所以……”时，though 和 but 及 because 和 so 都只能择一而用，不能两者同时使用。

[例3]
More than three hundreds people died in the oil well accident in Chongqing in 2003.（×）
More than three hundred people died in the oil well accident in Chongqing in 2003.（√）

析：hundred, thousand, million, billion 等词前有具体数词修饰用来表示“确数”时，无论数词大小，hundred 等词都要用单数形式。

[例4]
My English teacher is a 38-years old man. （×）
My English teacher is a 38-year-old man. （√）

析：句中的 38-years-old 是由数词、名词和形容词一起构成的复合形容词，在句中充当定语，修饰名词 man。复合形容词作定语时，其中的名词要用单数形式，且各词之间要有连字符“-”。

[例5]
The Smiths have moved Beijing.（×）
The Smiths have moved to Beijing.（√）

析：不及物动词后接名词或代词作宾语时，要在动词之后加上适当的介词；但不及物动词后接 home, here, there 等副词作宾语时，动词之后不必加任何介词。
 
[例6]
The box is too heavy for him to carry it.（×）
The box is too heavy for him to carry.（√）

析：不定式 to carry 及其逻辑主语 for him 共同组成不定式复合结构作状语一起修饰 heavy。
 
（二）“主谓不一致”类错误例析
      主谓不一致类错误指的是句子的主语和谓语动词在人称和数上不一致而形成的错误。
[例1]
Each of the boys have a pen.（×）
Each of the boys has a pen.（√）
The boys each have a pen .（√）

析：复数名词前有表个体的 each of，one of，every，either of 等词组修饰，或有表否定的 neither of, none of 等词组修饰时，谓语动词要用单数形式。

[例2]
Neither he nor you is good at English.（×）
Neither he nor you are good at English.（√）

析：either … or …，neither … nor …，not only …，but also … 等词组连接句子的两个主语时，谓语动词遵循“就近一致原则”，即由靠近谓语的那个主语决定谓语的人称和数用何种形式。

[例3]
Two months are quite a long time.（×）
Two months is quite a long time.（√）

析：当时间、度量、距离、重量等名词作句子主语时，常将其看作一个整体，谓语动词要用单数形式。

[例4]
Ten minus three are seven.（×）
Ten minus three is seven.（√）

析：用英语表示加（plus）、减（minus）等数学运算时，谓语动词也用单数形式。

[例5]
Watching TV too much are bad for your eyes. （×）
Watching TV too much is bad for your eyes.（√）

析：不定式、v.-ing 形式充当句子主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。

[例6]
The number of the workers in this factory are about 5,000.（×）
The number of the workers in this factory is about 5,000.（√）

析：the number of 表示“……的数量”，谓语动词用单数形式；a number of 的意思是“若干”或“许多”，相当于 some 或 a lot of，和复数名词连用，谓语动词用复数形式。

（三）“词序”、“语序”类错误例析
      词序、语序类错误指的是单词或句子在排列顺序上不正确，也表现为该用陈述语序的用了疑问句语序，或该用疑问句语序的用了陈述句语序等情况。
[例1]
Hello! I have important something to tell you.（×）
Hello! I have something important to tell you.  （√）

析：形容词或动词不定式修饰不定代词作定语时，修饰成分要置于不定代词之后。

[例2]
His son is enough old to go to school.（×）
His son is old enough to go to school.（√）

析：enough 作形容词修饰名词时，可以放在名词前，也可放在名词后；作副词修饰形容词或副词时，只能放在形容词或副词之后。

[例3] 
Here is your sweater, put away it.（×）
Here is your sweater, put it away.（√）

析：put away, pick up, put on 等“动词+副词”构成的词组后接代词作宾语时，代词只能放在动词和副词之间。

[例4]
I don't know where is he going.（×）
I don't know where he is going.（√）

析：在含宾语从句的复合句中，从句要用陈述句语序。

[例5]
Look! Here the bus comes.（×）
Look! Here comes the bus.（√）

析：在以 here，there 引起的陈述句中，若句子的主语是名词，要用倒装语序，即用“Here /There+动词+名词”结构；但主语若是代词时，则不用倒装语序, 即用“Here/There +代词+动词”结构。

[例6]
I do well in playing football, _______.（我妹妹也行。）
A. so my sister does（×）
B. so does my sister（√）

[例7] - Li Lei is really a football fan. 
      - _______.（确实这样.）
A. So is he（×）
B. So he is（√）

析：“so+be动词/助动词+主语”的倒装结构表示前面所述情况也适用于后者，意为“……也是这样”；“so+主语+be动词/助动词”的陈述结构表示对前述情况的肯定，意为“……确实如此”。

（四）“逻辑”类错误例析
      逻辑类错误是指用英语表达某一思想时，犯了逻辑推理错误，导致句子语法成分不全，句意表达上前后矛盾等方面的失误。
[例1]
重庆比中国的其他城市都大。
Chongqing is larger than any city in China.（×）
Chongqing is larger than any other city in China.（√）

析：“any city in China”包括了重庆这座城市，同一事物自己与自己不能做比较，只有在 city 前加上 other 才能表示重庆和中国的其它城市比较大小。

[例2]
广州的天气比北京的天气更暖和。  
The weather in Guangzhou is warmer than Beijing.（×）
The weather in Guangzhou is warmer than that in Beijing .（√）

析：表示比较时，句子中的两个比较对象必须一致，不同的比较对象不能做比较。错误句的比较对象分别为 the weather in Guangzhou 和 Beijing，这两个不同类的事物之间不能做比较。
 
（五）“受汉语思维方式影响”类错误例析
      受汉语影响类错误是指用英语表达某个意思时，受了汉语表达的影响而导致犯错。
[例1]
Mr. Wu teaches our English.（×）
Mr. Wu teaches us English.（√）

析：“teach sb. sth.”句式中的 sb. 和 sth. 是 teach 的双宾语，因此 teach 后的人称代词要用宾格，而不能受汉语影响使用形容词性物主代词。

[例2]
His sister married with a teacher last summer.（×）
His sister married a teacher last summer.（√）

析：表达“A和B结婚”，要用 A married/will marry B。这时务必要避免受汉语影响使用 A married /will marry with B。

[例3]
There is going to have a film tonight.（×）    
There is going to be a film tonight.（√）

析：一般将来时用在 There be 句式中时，be going to 或 will 之后的动词原形只能用 be,也就是说要用There is（are）going to be … / There will be …。

[例4]
I'll go hiking if it won't rain next Sunday.（×）
I'll go hiking if it doesn't rain next Sunday.（√）

析：习惯上在含有时间状语从句和条件状语从句的复合句中，如果主句的谓语动词用了一般将来时，从句的谓语动词要用一般现在时表示将来的动作。   

[例5]
Teacher told us yesterday that the earth went around the sun. （×）
Teacher told us yesterday that the earth goes around the sun. （√）

析：习惯上在含有宾语从句的复合句中，主句的谓语动词用了一般过去时，从句的谓语动词要用过去的某种时态。但如果从句表述的是一客观事实或客观真理时，则不受主句时态的影响，而用一般现在时。

[例6] 
All the balls are not round. 翻译成汉语：
所有的球都不是圆的。（×）
并不是所有的球都是圆的。（√）

析：all，every，both 等词和 not 连用时，not 通常放在 all，every，both 的后面，一般情况下表示部分否定，意为“并非……都……”。

[例7]
Do you know the way of the park? （×）
Do you know the way to the park?（√

析：习惯上表示无生命名词的所有格常用“… of …”；但表示“通往……的路”要用“the way to …”，而不能用“the way of …”。类似结构的词还有 the key to the lock （这把锁的钥匙），the answer to this question（这个问题的答案），the ticket to the concert（音乐会的票）等。
 
[例8]
-- He didn't go to school yesterday, did he?
-- _______, though he didn't feel very well.
A. No, he didn't（×）        B. Yes, he did（√）

[例9]
-- Don't you usually come to school by bike?
-- _______. But I sometimes walk.
A. No, I don't（×）          B. Yes, I do（√）

析：习惯上英语中的 yes 意为“是的”，no 意为“不”，但在“前否后肯”的反意疑问句或否定疑问句中，yes 意为“不”，no 意为“是的”。

【模拟试题】
一. 阅读理解：
（A）
There is a one-day holiday in most countries on New Year's Eve. There are several interesting customs in the West, and there are many differences from country to country.
Though Christmas is a family get-together. New Year for some is a time to be with friends too. Parties are most often held to welcome New Year. At such arties, there is food and drink and dancing until the time nears for the coming of New Year.
At midnight, people often say“Happy New Year”to each other. Champagne（香槟酒）is a favorite drink for New Year. In many western countries fireworks（烟火）are let off at midnight ,and many people like to make a noise, possibly to drive away bad spirits（幽灵）.
　　One important song is often sung at New year-the Scottish（苏格兰）song of Auld Lang syne（good times long ago.）

1. People usually have great celebrations for New Year on ______.
A. New Year's Day                      B. the night before New Year's Eve
C. the night of New Year's Day         D. the night before New Year's Day
2. In the West, New Year is also a time when ______.
A. friends get together                B. friends write to each other
C. people can have a week's holiday    D. people can from country to country
3. The word“customs”in the passage means ______.
A. 习俗                     B. 聚会            C.饮食                   D. 活动
4. At midnight on New Year's Eve western people often ______.
① hold parties to welcome New Year        ② make a noise to drive away bad spirits
③ drink with friends or families          ④ say“Happy New Year”to each other
⑤ sing an important French song           ⑥ let off fireworks
A. ①②③④             B. ③④⑤⑥           C. ②③④⑥         D. ①②⑤⑥
5. This passage mainly talks about ______.
A. western people drink together on New Year's Eve
B. what western people do on New Year's Day
C. how western people spend their New Year's Eve
D. western people have a good time on New Year's Day

（B）
People have flown kites in Japan for more than 1,000 years. There are different kinds of kites there. Some look like bats（蝙蝠）; others look like birds. Most have pictures on them.
　　There are many interesting stories about kites in Japan. One story tells about a thief（小偷）who used a kite. He wanted to steal（偷）the gold（金子）from the top of a high tower（塔）. The thief and his friends made a large kite. One dark windy night he caught hold of the kite. His friends raised（使升高）it into the air. Then they moved the kite near the top of the tower. The thief was able to steal the gold. Another story tells about a father and a son. They were in trouble on an island near Japan. The father made a large kite. His son flew in it back to Japan.
　　The young men of Japan have kite matches. When the kites are flying, the match starts. The young men try to break each other's kite strings（细绳）. The last kite left in the sky is the winner.

1. Most kites in Japan ______.
A. are very large                  B. are very small   
C. look like bats                  D. look nice with pictures
2. In the kite match the young men try to ______.
A. make their kites fly high   
B. stop each other's kites from flying in the sky
C. make very large kites themselves   
D. draw beautiful pictures on their kites
3. The father in the passage made a large kite to help his son to ______.
A. return home    B. fly over the island    C. fly over the sea    D. steal gold
4. The passage mainly（主要的）tells us ______.
A. how to fly kites   
B. how a kite match starts   
C. something about the kites in Japan   
D. what the kites look like

二. 综合填空：
Dogs are good pets（宠物）. They are very f       1 to people and very beautiful, too. Most dogs get on very well with c       2 and their parents. Others are good watch-dogs because they cry loudly when a s    3  person arrives . When you buy a dog, an important thing to think about is its s        4 --buy a small dog if your home is small and a bigger one if y        5 is larger. Many people don't know how much to feed（喂养）their dogs. Dogs eat a         6 anything! They like meat, rice and lots of other things. You can buy lots of food m         7 for dogs in shops. Don't let your dogs eat too much. Feed it only once a day. Always l         8 water for your dog. It can get thirsty very quickly, especially（尤其是）in s          9. Remember that dogs need e         10. You should take it for a walk every day. Don't keep your dog inside all day.

三. 完型填空：
A good dictionary is   1   important tool（工具）. It will tell you  2  only what a word means but  3  how it   4  . A dictionary needs to be printed again about every ten years. Languages develop（发展）and a good dictionary must  5  these new changes.
 A new English dictionary will only tell you  6  most people use the language today. It will not tell you what is right  7  wrong. It may tell you the right time to use a word. If only  8  people use a word, a dictionary will  9  tell you this or not list（编列）it.
   10  dictionary will tell you many interesting facts. If you type（用打字机打）a word and the word is too long,   11  in your dictionary. All dictionaries show you  12  to break（拆开）a word. And they also show you how a word  13  .
Every dictionary, of course, tells you what a word means. But some words, like "get" or "take", may have lots of meanings（意思）. In some dictionaries, the main（主要的）meanings are often listed first. In  14  , the newest meanings are listed last. So before you use your dictionary, you should always  15  the front part. This part explains  16  .
 Some dictionaries also show you where a word comes  17  . Do you know that the word "brand"（标记）comes from an old word? This old word means "to burn". This is because   18  years ago people burned their names on tables or boats to show who  19  them. They also burned their own names on their farm animals  20  they would not be stolen.
Your dictionary also has a lot of other interesting facts in it. After you have learned to use a dictionary, it can become your best useful book.

1. A. a            B. an            C. the           D. very
2. A. no           B. that          C. not           D. if
3. A. too          B. either        C. yet           D. also
4. A. uses         B. is using      C. is used       D. used
5. A. to show      B. show          C. shows         D. be shown
6. A. how          B. what          C. why           D. if
7. A. and          B. or            C. but           D. not
8. A. a little     B. many          C. a few         D. a lot of
9. A. neither      B. nor           C. both          D. either
10. A. Every       B. Some          C. All           D. Many
11. A. look up it  B. look for it   C. look it up    D. look it out
12. A. when        B. where         C. why           D. which
13. A. speaks      B. is spoke      C. be spoken     D. is spoken
14. A. another     B. the other     C. others        D. other
15. A. see         B. look          C. watch         D. read
16. A. how use it  B. to how use it C. how to use it D. to how to use it
17. A. into        B. up            C. by            D. from
18. A. hundreds of B. hundred of    C. a hundred of  D. hundred
19. A. builds      B. makes         C. build         D. made
20. A. when        B. in order to   C. so that       D. before

【试题答案】

一. 阅读理解
1-5 D A A C C    1-4 D B A C

二. 综合填空：
1. friendly。根据“be very f   1   to people”来分析，此空应填一个形容词，表明狗对人的态度。
2. children。
3. strange。狗的天性是护家。文中的 watch-dogs 意为“看家狗”，专门指有生人来时发出叫喊的狗。“生人”在英文中即为 a strange person。
4. size。这个空略微有点难。一是 size 一词平时用的较少，二是一般家庭都养小型犬，供狗活动的空间一般不成问题，因此，对狗的体积问题考虑的较少。从后面的句子来看，此处是在谈狗的体积的问题－“如果你的家小，就买一只小狗；如果你的家大，就买一只大狗。”
5. yours。这是一个名词性物主代词，代替上半句的 your home。此句完整的说法应是 buy a small dog if your home is small and buy a bigger one if your home is larger. 为避免词的重复使用，常用名词性物主代词代替前面的那个名词。
6. almost。“狗几乎什么都吃。”这一点我们从日常生活中也都知道，而且本句话的后面也进行了进一步的解释说明，“他们喜欢吃肉，米饭和其它的东西。”
7. made。这是 make 的过去分词，在这里与 for dogs 一起做定语，修饰 food，整句的意思是“你可以在食品店买到许多为狗做的食物。"”
8. leave。有养狗经验的同学都知道，每天一定要给狗留下供它喝的水。
9. summer。如果了解了狗的这一生理功能（靠舌头来散热），就不难填出 summer 一词。
10. exercise。从下面的句子 You should take it for a walk every day. Don't keep your dog inside all day. 来看，说明狗也需要运动。exercise 当“运动”讲时， 是一个不可数名词，不能在词尾加 -s。

三. 完型填空
 1. B  2. C  3. D  4. C   5. B
 6. A  7. B  8. C  9. D  10. A
11. C 12. B 13. D 14. C  15. D
16. C 17. D 18. A 19. D  20. C