| 定语从句关系词的用法 |
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作者：魄秀锐 文章来源：新世纪周刊 点击数： 更新时间：2008-5-2 16:12:09  |
定语从句是英语语法的重点和难点，也是高考考察的热点内容之一。但是，有不少学生在学习和运用定语从句时经常出错。要想学好定语从句，关键得掌握引导定语从句的关系词。关系词分两大类，一类是关系代词，常见的有who，whom，whose，that，which，as等；另一类是关系副词，常见的有when，where，why等；下面就每个关系词的用法逐一分析。
一、关系代词的用法
关系代词引导定语从句所修饰的先行词是表示人或物的名词或代词，关系代词在从句中充当主语、宾语、定语、表语等句子成分。
1 关系代词who指人，在从句中作主语
The worker who invented the machine i8 his father．
(who在从句中作主语，代替前面的the worker)
I have a friend w—ho likes playing ping-pong．
(who在从句中作主语，代替先行词a friend)
2 关系代词whom指人，在从句中作宾语，在口语及非正式文体中常省略
She is a girl whom allthe peoplelike．
(whorn在从句中作动词like的宾语，代替先行词agm) He Is the boy whom the teacher was talking to justnow．
(whom在从句中作介词t0的宾语，指前面的theboy)
3 关系代词whose指“某人的”或“某物的”，在从句中作定语
The boy whose nanle is“Lei is in my class．
(whose=the boy’s，在从句中作定语，修饰名词name)
The house whose doors face east is mine．
(whose=the house’s，在从句中作定语，修饰名词doors)
[注意]当先行词是物时，作定语的whose也可用ofwhich来表示。
The house whose doorsface eastismine．
=The house of which doorsface eastismine．
=The housethe doors of which face east is mine．
4 关系代词that指物，也可指人，在从句中作主语、宾语或表语。作宾语时可省略
He did alot of work tha Was beneficial to us．
(that在从句中作主语，代替先行词work)
She is the gid tha you saw in schoo1．
(that在从句中作动词saw的宾语，代替先行词thegirl)
5 关系代词which指物，在从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时可省略
He told a stow which moved us deeply．
(which在从句中作主语，代替先行词a story)
This is a factor which we must not neglect．
(which在从句中作宾语，代替先行词a factor)
6 关系代词as指人或物，在从句中作主语、宾语或谓语
①as用于非限制性定语从句
在非限制性定语从句中，as可能指代整个主句，其引导的定语从句可以位于句首或句末，通常用逗号与主句隔开，可以译作“这一点、这个事实、正如”。
As we know．smoking is harmful t0 one’s health．
②as用于限制性定语从句
关系代词as常用于“the soMie……as”，“such……as”的结构中，代表前面的先行词，在从句中作主语、表语或宾语。
I had the same experience as you had．(as在从句中作宾语)
I don’t like such a person as you are.(as在从句中作表语)
7 关系代词who，whom和which的选用
在某些特定的情况下，要使用who，whom或which，一般不使用that。
①非限制性定语从句中不用that，指人时用who或whom，指物时用which。
Mr Wang，who Was my former teacher,retired last year．
(此句中的who不能用that)
Thisisthe book，which hebought yesterday．
②介词后用whom指人，用which指物，不用that。
D0 you know the boy to whom I spokejust now?
This is the factory in which he works．
③如果有两个定语从句，其中前一句的关系代词用了that,后一句宜用which。
Let me show you the novel that I borrowed from thelibrarv which Was newly open to us．
8 关系代词that的选用
在某些特定的先行词后面，一般只用关系代词that。 ①当先行词是au，little，much，none，few等不定代词或由some，any，every，no等词构成的复合代词时。 Isthere anythingthatI can dofor you? ②当先行词被形容词最高级或序数词修饰时。 This is the most interesting novel th—at I have everread． The first place that we’ll visit in london is Bucking．ham palace．
③当先行词被the only，the very，the same等词修饰时。
The only．example that was given was not right．
This is the very thing that I am after．
This is the same book that I borrowed．
④当先行词既有人又有物时。
They talked about the people and the things that theyremembered in the village．
⑤当主句是以wh疑问词开头的句子时，通常用that引导从句。
Who is the girl that is standing there?
⑥当先行词在主句中作表语，而关系词在从句中也作表语时，用that。
Sheis no longer the girl hat she used to be．
二、关系副词的用法
关系副词引导的定语从句所修饰的先行词通常是表示时间、地点或理由的名词。关系副词在从句中作状语，这时还可以用“介词+which"代替关系副词。
1 关系副词when表示时间，在从句中作时间状语
I will never forget the day when we parted．
(when=on which)
2 关系副词where表示地点，在从句中作地点状语
Great changes have taken place in the city where hewas bom．
(where=in which)
3 关系副词why表示原因，在从句中作原因状语。其先行词只有reason
Do you know the reflson why“is so hot this sum-mer?
(why=for which)
[注意]若尽管先行词是指时间、地点、原因的词，但不作从句的状语，而作主语或宾语，则应按先行词指物来处理。要用关系代词that或which，不用关系副词。
I will never forget the day(that/which)I spent in thatvillage．
(先行词the day作spent的宾语)
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