Chapter eight  语态
1) 被动态的时态形式
[归纳] “be+及物动词或词组的过去分词” 是被动语态谓语构成的基本方法. 其中, 谓语的意义主要靠行为动词表达; 而be作为助动词, 体现人称, 数, 时态的变化, 并帮助构成被动语态. 被动态常见的时态形式有八种, 都是靠be的变化来体现的:
（1） 一般现在时: is (am, are) + p.p.
（2） 一般过去时: was (were) + p.p.
（3） 一般将来时: shall be (will be) + p.p.
（4） 一般过去将来时: should be (would be) + p.p.
（5） 现在进行时: is (am, are) being + p.p.
（6） 过去进行时: was(were) being + p.p.
（7） 现在完成时: have(has) been + p.p.
（8） 过去完成时: had been + p.p.
[提示] 中国学生使用被动语态常见的错误是:
1.被动意识不强, 常忘记使用被动态, 误将被动当主动.
2.进行时被动态中, 常漏掉being;  完成时被动态中, 常忘记been, 造成严重的语法错误.
3.过去分词的拼写经常失误, 尤其是一些不规则动词和词尾字母需要重写的过去分词.
4.带情态动词的谓语，情态动词后不用原形。
* 变被动语态：
1. He is driving the car as quickly as possible.
2 .I had to do the housework this morning. 
(Used to+v, ought to+V, have to+V, be to+V)
3.Her parents prevented her from swimming across the river.
4.They will have completed the bridge by this time next year.
5.Some one has cut down the trees.
6.She should have watered the flowers yesterday.
Exercise 19    Multiple choice:
1. “Did you telephone the Governor’s office?” “Yes, he ___ back before Friday.”
A) expects     B) is expected     C) expected    D) is to expect
2.They ___ so that we wouldn’t recognize them.
A) costumed   B) disguised       C) were disguising   D) were disguised
3.Thousands of people took part in the work when the gymnasium___.
A) built    B) was built  C) was being built  D) had been built
4.My pictures___ until next Friday.
A) won’t develop   B) aren’t developed   C) don’t develop  D won’t be developed
5.All the apparatus ___ before the experiment began.
A) have been prepared B) were prepared  C) had been prepared   D) had prepared
6.Susan, you are so lazy. This job ___ hours ago.
A) should finish          C) could be finishing
B) must have finished      D) ought to have been finished
7.The United Jewelry Store ___ several times.
A) has robbed   B) is robbed      C) has been robed    D) has been robbed
8.This lock has been tampered with and the house ___.
  A) breaks into  B) broke into   C) broken into   D) is broken into
9.More and more attention ___ adult education both at home and abroad nowadays.
A)have paid to  B) has paid to  C) is being paid to D) have been paid to
10.The passive voice____ when attention ___ especially to the “receiver” of an action.
A) is preferred… is drawn       C) will be preferred… is drawn
B) is preferred … will be drawn   D) will be preferred… is to be drawn
Exercise 20 Translation:
1.这个城市的大部分街道都加宽了.widen
2.还从来没有叫她在这么多人的面前讲过话.
3.在做出最后决定之前, 所有这些因素都应当考虑到.
4.学生们的成绩下周将发下去.distribute
5.现在农村和城市都在盖新房.
6.去年我回家乡时, 那座桥还正在建呢
7.据说他在学校经常因为成绩优秀而受到表扬.
2) 被动意义的特殊表达法
[归纳]
1.某些动词可用主动表示被动, 常见的有: wash, wear, write, read, sell, blow, iron, drive. 如:
This type of color TV set sells well here.
That kind of cloth washes easily.
2.有些动词的进行时, 有时可用主动表示被动, 常见的有: be building, be doing, be printing, be binding, be cooking.如:
The meat is cooking.
The text-books are printing now.
3.“become(或get) + p.p.”有时具有被动意义, 如:
We are becoming better acquainted with our new neighbors.
The two liquids got mixed with each other during the experiment.
4.在 need, deserve, want, require后面, 主动式的v. –ing形式含被动意义
3) 不能用被动语态的动词及其它词组
[归纳] 凡不及物的动词词组, 以及系表结构词组都不能用被动语态.因受汉语影响常
被误用被动态的动词及其词组有：take place, happen, break out, consist of,  belong to, come true, rise, appear, seem, become 等。
4) 被动语态与系表结构辨析
[归纳]
“be + p.p.”表示动作是被动语态, 表示状态是系表结构, 一动一静, 内涵不尽相同.
A. The novel is well written./was written by Dickens.
B. The reception room is decorated with flowers,/was decorated by themselves.
在被动语态中, 动作发出者常用介词by引出, 有时也可省略; 而在系表结构中, 过去分词用作形容词, 常搭配by以外的其他介词. 如: be interested in, be composed of, be terrified at, be delighted with, be adapted to, be drunk on, be suited for, be perplexed about等. 过去分词用作形容词，有时可以被very或well等副词修饰，被动语态的过去分词不能。
5) 动词词组被动式的疑难点
动词词组用被动式,应注意固定搭配的词语要完整, 不能漏掉. 如: be laughted at, be sent for, be operated upon, be dealt with; be switched on, be brought up, be given off, be turned down; be made use of, be put an end to, be taken care of, be paid attention to; be done away with, be caught up with等.
      e.g. Grandma looks after the child. The child is looked after by Grandma.
“动 + 名 + 介”词组用于被动语态时, 可能出现词序颠倒,词组割裂的现象. 这时, 应先看被动态中的最后一个动词, 再看主语中的中心名词, 最后接谓语后面的介词, 以恢复词组的原貌.如:
C. Special mention has been made of the achievements in this area.
D. When the article is discussed in class, attention should generally be directed to sentence and paragraph content rather than to individual words.